Achondroplasia in children is the most common form of dwarfism; it accounts for about 70% of all cases of dwarfism.[1] Achondroplasia falls into the category of “disproportionate dwarfism”. It is linked to a mutation in the fibroblast growth factor receptor-3. More than 250, 000 people in the world are diagnosed with Achondroplasia currently. Achondroplasia diagnosis occurs somewhere between one in every 10,000 to one in every 30,000 live births.[2] Some symptoms of Achondroplasia are short stature, long and narrow trunk, shortening of the proximal segments of limbs, large head, mid-face hypoplasia, and joint hyperextension, among other things. Achondroplasia is defined by central nervous system defects as well as the prior physical symptoms. Average height for an adult man or woman diagnosed with Achondroplasia is about four feet, although technically a max of four feet ten inches is also considered Achondroplasic.[3] Achondroplasic people typically have a long trunk and smaller upper legs and upper arms. Those diagnosed are of normal intelligence and have the ability to lead independent and productive lives.
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A child may be diagnosed with Achondroplasia as early as the fetus stages of pregnancy. Most cases are first identified as early as 26 weeks in the gestational period. 85% of children born with Achondroplasia are born of parents who are average height and are not diagnosed with Achondroplasia. But 75% of all diagnosed children are the end product of an entirely new mutation. If both parents are diagnosed with Achondroplasia, however, there is a higher chance of life-threatening problems.[3] Having a child who is Achondroplasic is almost competely sporadic and the chances of having another child who is also Achondroplasic is no more likely than for anyone else. Having an Achondroplasic child is entirely situational.[4] There are specific ways to raise a child diagnosed with Achondroplasia that will be beneficial to their growth and aging. Achondroplasic children, to be given better chances, must be raised in more special care than children who are not diagnosed with Achondroplasia.
Because achondroplasic children have different genes, their growth cycle should be expected to differ from that of a child who is not diagnosed with Achondroplasia. It is very typical for an Achondroplasic child to snore because of their smaller than average size airways.[3] There is no data that unfailingly states respiratory problems. Studies have been done and even though achondroplasic children have reduced lung volumes, the results do not determine respiratory problems.[5] Children diagnosed with Achondroplasia usually have delayed motor milestones, otitis media, and bowing of the lower legs. Achondroplasic infants and young babies also need to be watched carefully the first few years of infancy for support problems. An infant or child’s hearing and sight needs to be monitored through the years. Along with their development of hearing and sight, their posture will not be guaranteed to develop perfectly to support the child. Achondroplasic children may also encounter a speech impediment in their early years. If a child that is diagnosed is falling behind or lacking in any of these areas, they should be taken in to pediatrics for help to restore the children to where they should be. Both infants and children may have health issues that are related to upper-airway obstruction. Typical for achondroplasic children, as well, is sweating more than is average for children. Achondroplasic children’s diets should be watched very closely because it is easy for children to become obese when they are young. Their diets should be restricted to smaller portions than that of a child who is not diagnosed with Achondroplasia. Gastroesophageal reflux is more common in achondroplasic children as well and should be treated and watched very closely if it furthers already heightened respiratory problems. Most infants diagnosed with Achondroplasia will develop thoracolumbar kyphosis, which will need to be treated delicately so they can develop good posture with much care. If not watched properly or treated carefully, thoracolumbar kyphosis can help lead to spinal stenosis.[3]
Achondroplasic children require special attention as they grow up and age. The home setting for an achondroplasic child should be modified in a way that is fitting for a child with a growth mutation. Toys should be considered and altered to fit the needs of the child, or size of the child, such as tricycles and backyard playground equipment. Other fixtures in the home should be replaced to attainable heights for the children such as light switches or door knobs. Because achondroplasic children tend to have weaker posture, supporting cushions should be considered in use as well as stools for their feet when they are sitting down. For and achondroplasic child to develop better, activities such as biking or swimming should be included in their daily schedule. These activities may help with strength in the limbs and posture and will help to avert the problems of thoracolumbar kyphosis and spinal stenosis. Other activities, like gymnastics or rough sports should be avoided because they will help with the deteriorating of their back support and posture. Achondroplasic children should also be worked with daily on their verbal skills, so as to help them overcome the speech impediments they may likely encounter.[3]
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